Indonesia's Three Former Capitals: A Journey Through History

As we proudly celebrate Indonesia's 78th Independence Day on August 17, 2023, let's go on a journey through time to uncover an often overlooked chapter of Indonesia's rich history. 

Indonesia's journey to independence wasn't always smooth. In fact, it was filled with twists and turns. During the challenging times after declaring independence, our leaders had to move the capital from one city to another, ensuring the government's safety and keeping the nation united.

To revisit this significant part of Indonesia's history, TRAC invites you on a unique journey to explore the cities that were once the capital of Indonesia. Join TRAC for a brief yet enlightening tour through Yogyakarta, Bukittinggi, and Bireuen, where we'll uncover the essential stories of how these cities came to be the nation's capital.

3 Former Capitals of Indonesia

Yogyakarta, DI Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta played a vital role in Indonesia's early years of independence. After the proclamation of independence on August 17, 1945, in Jakarta, the situation in the city became unstable due to the occupation by the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA).

This prompted the urgent move of the capital to Yogyakarta on January 4, 1946. Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX backed this decision, recognizing Yogyakarta's unique geography as a natural defence against colonial forces.

 

However, Yogyakarta was later attacked by Dutch military forces on December 19, 1948, which led to a brief establishment of an emergency government in Bukittinggi. Yogyakarta's strategic location, flanked by Mount Merapi and the Indian Ocean, made it a formidable fortress, but the situation required temporary measures.

 

On July 6, 1949, President Soekarno and Vice President Mohammad Hatta returned to Yogyakarta, and the city became the capital of the Republic of Indonesia once again, as part of the newly formed Republic of Indonesia Serikat (RIS) on December 27, 1949.

Yogyakarta thus had the unique distinction of being the nation's capital twice, before Jakarta was reinstated as the capital on August 17, 1950.

Bukittinggi, West Sumatra

When Yogyakarta was occupied by Dutch military forces during the Second Dutch Military Aggression on December 19, 1948, President Soekarno and Vice President Mohammad Hatta were captured and exiled to Pulau Bangka.

This urgent situation necessitated the relocation of the capital, leading to Bukittinggi being chosen as the temporary seat of government.

The responsibility for forming an emergency government fell to Minister of Prosperity Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, who was in Bukittinggi at the time.

The city served as the capital of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia or PDRI) from December 1948 until the return of the legitimate government to Yogyakarta July 1949.

This period marked a critical phase in Indonesia's struggle for sovereignty, demonstrating the resilience and adaptability of a nation under pressure.

Bireuen, Aceh

The city of Bireuen in Aceh briefly became the capital of Indonesia on June 18, 1948, for a week. During that time, President Soekarno stayed at the house of Colonel Hussein Joesoef, steering the nation's governance. Bireuen was chosen for its relative safety, as its geography, surrounded by hills, acted as a natural shield against enemy attacks.

Though Bireuen's tenure as the capital was brief, the city's contribution to Indonesia's fight for independence is remembered, epitomizing the resilience and determination of the Indonesian people during a volatile time in history.

Explore Indonesia's Tourism with TRAC Service

Embark on a journey to the heart of Indonesia's rich history by exploring the three cities that once served as the nation's capitals. Yogyakarta, with its royal heritage, Bukittinggi's historical charm, and the laid-back allure of Bireuen await your discovery, each telling a unique story of the country's past.

 

With service offices spread across various cities, TRAC will make your journey more memorable. Want the convenience of an inner-city adventure that is flexible and able to accommodate family activities? You can use TRAC's car rental or bus rental services. 

For ease of booking, TRAC pals can do it through the TRACtoGo application. Immediately install the TRACtoGo application on Google Playstore or Apple App Store. Don't forget to register for membership to enjoy various TRAC services.

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